Background: Antidepressant drugs, though of great benefit in a range of psychiatric disorders, are associated with a wide range of potential adverse effects. There is growing concern among the healthcare personnel to assess these adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of newer psychotropic drugs, which have an impact on long-term compliance and achieving successful treatment. The present study was thus designed to monitor and analyze the pattern of occurrence of ADRs to antidepressant medications in Outpatient Department (OPD) of a tertiary-care hospital. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational clinical study was carried out in the OPD of Psychiatry in Medical College, Kolkata. A total of 190 patients who received antidepressants were studied. 5-8 consecutive previously diagnosed depression patients attending follow-up per day, were screened for suspected ADRs, 2 days (one male OPD and one female OPD) in a week, over 6 months (October 2013 to March 2014). Adverse event history, medication history and other relevant details were captured in a format as adopted in the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI). Causality of ADR was assessed by Naranjo's ADR probability scale. The severity of each reported ADR was assessed using Hartwig and Siegel Scale. All the statistical analysis was done by using SPSS-version 20 (SPSS Inc). Results: A total of 190 patients were screened for the study of which males and females represented 43.68% and 56.31% of the cases respectively. The age-group presenting with maximum depressive problems was found to be 30-39 years. A total of 481 ADRs were noted of which dry mouth was the commonest, closely followed by nausea and tremor. Out of 130 ADRs assessed for causality, 89.23% of the ADR cases, were found to be 'probable', while 10.77% were found to be 'possible'. According to Hartwig and Siegel's Scale 83.99% of the cases were found to be mild, 14.97% moderate and 1.04% severe. Conclusion: The study enables to obtain information on the incidence and pattern of adverse drug reactions associated with antidepressants in the local population thereby reducing its occurrence and protecting the user population from avoidable harm.

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'Mindfulness' is an essential element of Buddhist meditative practices. It is paying attention to the present moment and to what we experience. Hypnosis is a state of a state of increased suggestibility with constriction of peripheral awareness and increased focal concentration on task at hand. Thus there are many similarities between hypnosis and mindfulness and they are, many a times, complementary. This review article focuses on the applications and evidences for using mindfulness- based hypnotherapy in the management of psychological disorders.

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Psychologists have often emphasized the need to incorporate games into the school curriculum as a way of providing with learners opportunities to develop in all aspects of the curriculum. Accordingly, these games offer learners an avenue to release their mental tension resulting from rigorous academic engagement. Previous studies have also indicated that the learning process can be made more enjoyable for learners, when games are incorporated into the learning process. This study examined the instructional power of game-based learning and simulation in a K-12 setting and sought to provide insight as to whether game-based learning would be an emphatic method that could be used for teaching and learning. Many scholars have argued that game-based learning stirs up a sense of motivation on the side of learners regarding their learning process. Therefore, this study explored the distinct features of game-based learning which learners consider to be interesting/absorbing. The findings of this study showed that the use of game-based learning as an instruction method is very effective in the teaching and learning process. It has the ability to engage and provoke learners' interests. Besides, its experimental nature allows learners to participate fully in the class work. This means that teachers need to design teaching content that incorporates games since the latter provide a practical learning approach which helps learners to memorize most of the content learn. The study also recommends that educators tasked with designing and developing the curriculum should emphasize the importance of instructional methods that allow teachers to incorporate games into the teaching content.

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This report describes development of stuttering with divalproex sodium in a patient of bipolar disorder. The treatment was started with twice a day regime which was well-tolerated and the patient started showing some improvement in symptoms. After a week, as the dosing was switched to three times a day, the patient experienced decreased and labored speech. His articulation altered as were the intensity and timings of utterance. Speech rhythm was also affected. Patient reported that such a problem he never experienced earlier. As he reverted to twice a day regime on advice of the doctor, there was improvement in his speech.

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Aim: In today's turbulent world of anxiety, relaxation and comfort is a blessing to all those who desire it. In fact, one of the basic human needs, joy and exhilaration, is to achieve an emotional balance and self and to lead a healthy and vibrant life in society. It brings joy to life and contributes to vitality and mental health and enhancement. A happy man can succeed steep steps over and have a constructive role in society. Research evidence suggests that people tend to have joy in life and satisfaction with life in general as age increases. The present study aims to investigate and compare the effectiveness of Lyubomirsky method in increasing the degree of happiness and life satisfaction among individuals attending Isfahan counseling centers. Materials and Methods: The study is semi-experimental in nature, with control and experimental groups that were given a pre-test and a post-test. The statistical population of the study was 50 individuals who were chosen using a simple random sampling method and put into groups of 25 each. Later, five happiness sessions were held for each experimental group. Data collection was done through three questionnaires, namely demographic information, Oxford and life satisfaction questionnaires. Results: The results of the co-variance analysis indicated that the degree of happiness and life satisfaction seemed to have an increase in experimental groups in comparison to that of control groups.

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